Five population studies conducted in the past 20 years provide the majority of information that exists about the incidence and progression of diabetes among Hispanic Americans. The five studies are briefly described below:
The Starr County Study (Texas) conducted in 1981 assessed the prevalence of severe hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) in almost 2,500 people age 15 or older.
The San Antonio Heart Study (Texas), begun in 1979 and still being conducted, assessed diabetes in more than 3,000 Mexican Americans and almost 2,000 non-Hispanic whites between the ages of 25 and 64.
The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study (Colorado), a continuing study that began in 1984, estimated the prevalence of diabetes in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in two counties in southern Colorado.
The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 1982–84, investigated the prevalence of diabetes in national samples of the three major Hispanic subgroups—Mexican Americans in the southwestern United States, Puerto Ricans in the New York City area, and Cuban Americans in south Florida. Approximately 6,600 people participated.
The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–94, determined the prevalence and characteristics of people with diabetes in national samples of African Americans, Mexican Americans, and whites. Approximately 18,000 adults participated.
References
1. National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. National diabetes statistics. NIH publication 02–3892. 2002. Fact sheet. Accessed April 4, 2002.
2. American Diabetes Association. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1183–1197.
3. Hanis CL, Ferrell RE, Baron SA, Aguilar L, Garza-Ibarra A, Tulloch BR, Garcia CA, Schull WJ. Diabetes among Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1983;118:659–672.
4. Stern MP, Gaskill SP, Hazuda HP, Gardner LI, Haffner SM. Does obesity explain excess prevalence of diabetes among Mexican Americans? Results of the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetologia. 1983;24:272–277.
5. Hamman RF, Marshall JA, Baxter J, Kahn LB, Mayer EJ, Orleans M, Murphy JR, Lezotte DC. Methods and prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a biethnic Colorado population: the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1989;129: 295–311.
6. Flegal KM, Ezzati TM, Harris MI, Haynes SG, Juarez RZ, Knowler WC, Perez-Stable EJ, Stern MP. Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans from the Hispanic Health and Examination Survey (HHANES), 1982–84. Diabetes Care. 1991;14(Suppl. 3):628–638.
7. Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, Eberhardt MS, Goldstein DE, Little RR, Wiedmeyer HM, Byrd-Holt DD. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1988–94. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:518–524.
8. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Population Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2050 (Current Population Reports No. P25-1130). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.
9. U.S. Bureau of the Census. The Hispanic Population in the United States (Current Population Reports No. P20-475). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993.
10. Hanis CL, Hewett-Emmett D, Bertin TK, Schull WJ. Origins of U.S. Hispanics: implications for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1991;14(Suppl. 3):618–627.
11. Peters RK, Kjos SL, Xiang A, Buchanan TA. Long-term diabetogenic effect of single pregnancy in women with previous gestational diabetes, Lancet. 1996;347:227–230.
12. Stern MP, Mitchell BD. Diabetes in Hispanic Americans. In National Diabetes Data Group (ed.), Diabetes in America, 2nd ed. (NIH Publication No. 95–1468), pp. 631–659. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health; 1995.
13. Troiano RP, Flegal KM, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 1995;149:1085–1091.
14. Kuzmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Increasing prevalence of overweight among U.S. adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 1960 to 1991. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994;272:205–211.
15. Crespo CJ, Keteyian SJ, Heath GW, Sempos CT. Leisure-time physical activity among U.S. adults. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996;156:93–98.
16. Kostraba J, Gay EC, Cai Y, Cruikshanks KJ, Rewers MJ, Klingensmith GJ, Chase HP, Hamman RF. Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Colorado. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;3:232–238.
17. Lipman TH. The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in children 0–14 yr of age in Philadelphia. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:922–925.
18. Neufeld ND, Raffel LJ, Landon C, Chen YDI, Vadheim CM. Early presentation of type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American youth. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:80–86.
19. Harris MI, Klein R, Cowie CC, Rowland M, Byrd-Holt DD. Is the risk of diabetic retinopathy greater in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites with type 2 diabetes? A U.S. population study. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1230–1235.
20. Harris MI, Cowie CC, Eastman RC. Symptoms of sensory neuropathy in adults with diabetes in the U.S. population. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:1446–1452.
21. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 346:393–403.
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